Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands and East Timor
Map Available http://www.catholicnet.com/solomon/Image13.jpg

PNG remains a very poor country.PNG has largely not been able to exploit its natural resources for its people’s benefit and to help ameliorate its debt burden. Around 40 percent of Papuan New Guineans live on less that US$1 per day, many people do not have access to essential services and basic infrastructure is poor.
The New Economics Foundation calculates that Papua New Guinea requires 85% debt cancellation in order for the government to meet the basic needs of its citizens, such as health, education and infrastructure, without taxing those living below an ethical poverty line of $3 a day.
available http://www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk/Papua%20New%20Guinea+4061.twl
Jubilee Debt Campaign. Fact sheet: Papua New guinea [accessed 20/05/2008]
Solomon Islands is one of the least developed among ADB‘s Pacific developing member countries (PDMCs), ranking at the lowest among all Pacific Islands in the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).Economic growth continued at about 5% in 2004, driven by logging of the natural forest at an unsustainable rate and expansion in copra production, fishing and cocoa.
Total official public sector debt in February 2005 stood at about SI$1700 million (94% of GDP), with external and domestic debt equivalent to 66% and 28% of GDP, respectively.
Available http://www.adb.org/SolomonIslands/country-info.asp
Asian Development Bank Fact sheet: Solomon Islands [accessed 20/05/2008]
East Timor, a country of just over a million people, is one of the world's poorest nations, ranking below Congo and Sudan in its indicators of human development*. It is the poorest country in Asia. Life expectancy is 56 years, the adult literacy rate is only 58 per cent and one child in ten can expect to die before they reach five years of age.
Australia has been one of East Timor's strongest supporters and partners in this undertaking since 1999. Between 1999 and June 2007, Australia has provided over $570 million in Official Development Assistance (ODA) to East Timor and, after lifting its aid significantly in 2006-07 to meet the needs of the security and humanitarian crisis, expects to invest a further $72.8 million in 2007-08. Available http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/country.cfm?CountryId=911
Australian Goverment Fact Sheet: AusAid, East Timor [accessed 20/05/2008]

Japan is Australia’s leading market for exports of goods and services ($35.5 billion in 2006-07), followed by China ($26.4 billion), the United States ($15.5 billion), the Republic of Korea ($14.9 billion) and New Zealand ($12.7 billion).
The total volume of shipping containers passing through the city's port between July and December 2006 was 13.9 million tonnes.
Australia’s major import items were passenger motor vehicles, crude petroleum, personal travel services (excluding education), freight transportation services, refined petroleum, and computers. The United States was Australia’s largest source of imports, followed by China and Japan. goto trade

Australia's black coal exports were worth around $A22.5 billion in 2006-07, a decrease of about 8% on the record $A24.5 billion figure for 2005-06. Black coal remains Australia's largest commodity export, representing around 19 per cent of Australia's total commodity exports in 2005-06 - see chart below left. Goto Coal

Over the decade to 2006, Australia was the 5th largest net recipient of FDI in the OECD (OECD 2007). FDI is foreign direct investment...OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A collection of 30 member states that use the organisation as a discussion forum to further their aims for a free market system

Welcome to the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation summit, Sydney: a $300 million week-long extravaganza, featuring the most powerful leaders from the world's most dynamic economic region. Bob Hawke proposed it. The first meeting was held in Canberra's Hyatt Hotel in 1989. Goto astory
The 21 APEC leaders have posed for the traditional group photo on the steps of the Sydney Opera House wearing brown tailor made knee-length Driza-Bone coats. The leaders had lunch today at Guillaume at Bennelong next to the Opera House. Goto full story

Julies comments: Max Weber interactionalism: APEC leaders in the staged performance of group photo reveals the cultural norm of the APEC institution. The scripted role uses national costume as the symbol and reveals symbolic meanings of unity, social cohesion and "orderly society" state of the APEX unit.

Julies comments: Conflict theory: Market perspective and economic development and trade deals .Why do we need the dominant ideology to "keep expanding world economies and the GPD of each country as an essential anti poverty tool" to eradicate poverty from poorer countries ?? When will the capitalistic countries stop eyeing and coveting cheap labour, and using collectivism of the earth's abundant resources and using other countries fertile soils for monoculture crops. APEC represents hegemony at its institutional best. Anti globalisation players recognise the worth of the "essential anti poverty tool" as false ideology. Where does the ideological ascendency (on globalisation ) prevail ?? Is it in Australia's climate change policy or the UN or the anti globalisation players ??

Excerp from APEC......3. We are confident that robust economic growth will continue and that we can make further progress in our goal to reduce poverty and increase living standards....5. APEC economies account for almost fifty per cent of world trade.....7. Economic growth in the region has outstripped the rest of the world: number of people living in poverty has halved since 1989.

Climate Change Policy: Australian Climate Change Policy and its Implications for AP6 Countries Bejing, April 2007 (page 1, 9, ) goto Climate change policy

RMIT: Globalisation Department : An adequately understood notion of causality is central to our attempts to tell better stories about globalization.

goto Map

Biotechnology Strategy for Agriculture, Food and Fibre Goto DAFF
Developing an innovative culture will provide the pathway for Australian agriculture to overcome varied challenges and fully exploit the many opportunities ahead. Biotechnology - specifically the application of agricultural biotechnology - is one of many tools the sector will need to remain ahead of the game.
Theme 1: framework for developing new agriculture, food and fibre industries....recognises that many areas of biotechnology are potentially highly relevant.....foregoing these developments could cost Australian agriculture dearly.....Theme 2: the need for communication with rural and regional Australia (their decisions)....Themes 3 and 4: the importance (regulations) to ensure the safety of new applications of biotechnology in the agriculture, food and fibre sectors.,...Theme 5: community and industry acceptance of future commercial applications of agricultural biotechnology hinges on the outcomes of current debates about GM crops....Theme 6: Department’s ongoing role with other agencies to facilitate market access for both existing producers of non-biotechnology products & producers of biotechnology products.

Australian 2020 Summit:
Under Australia's future security and prosperity
* Closer economic and intergration with the pacific
*Closer engagement with major economies: US, Japan, China ,India
* A comprehensive National strategy plan for Asian literacy in Australia, to enhance our engagement in trade, security and people to people exchanges
So what does this all mean in terms of the globalisation effect ??

A closer look at globalisation:
There are so many conflicting theories around around about the benefits and effects of globalism.
What kind of economic growth do the "experts" recommend ?
Apec hold a pro globalisation approach and argue against the Stern reports recommendation to slow GHG's and reduce global growth.
I believe that eradication of poverty in poor countries can only be addressed when Goverments of those countries work closely with the World bank and International Aid agencies to return increased revenue in the form of education and health programs, to the the poorest people.
THE Stern Report: (Poverty indicator: less that $2 per day) Goto Stern
The impacts of climate change will exacerbate poverty – in particular through its effects on health, income and future growth prospects (page 114). Poor people are consequently highly sensitive to the degradation and destruction of these natural assets and systems by climate change. For example, dieback of large areas of forest – some climate models show strong drying over the Amazon if global temperature increases by more than 2°C (page 95)

FROM APEC (this is APEC's quote on the Stern Report):
In either case, the policy measure in question should impose a level of restriction on man-made GHG emissions that would stabilise the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere at no more than 550 parts per million. In its view, doing so was ‘…an essential foundation for climate-change policy’ (Stern 2006, p. xviii). Goto apec report
APEC goto: APEC
For the first time in human history, it is feasible to contemplate the eradication of poverty. Yet the Stern Report and the Garnaut Review on climate change are advocating an approach to climate change that would increase, not decrease, poverty.
In the developing world, the percentage of the population living on less than US$1 a day has fallen from 40 % in 1981 to 18 % in 2004.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the population in extreme poverty has remained static at 41 % since 1981; the region accounting for 30 percent of the world’s extreme poor.
They are part of the bottom billion poor, Oxford Professor, Paul Collier, who points out that economic growth is the essential anti-poverty tool.
Research (World Bank & IMF):a one % growth in GDP leads to a 1.3 % reduction in poverty.
Global Education Overview:
Global income is more than $31 trillion a year, but 1.2 billion people of the world's population earn less than $1 a day. 80% of the global population earns only 20% of global income.
The 3 billion people living in the 24 developing countries that increased their integration into the world economy enjoyed an average 5% growth rate in income per capita, longer life expectancy and better schooling.
Two billion people, living in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and the former Soviet Union, are unable to increase their integration into the world economy: their economies have contracted, poverty has risen, education levels have risen less rapidly than in globalised countries.
Globalisation Disadvantages:
(1) Agricultural seed companies are destroying the biodiversity of the planet, and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood.
(2) Globalisation has enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs.
(3) The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world.
http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/cache/offonce/pid/178;jsessionid=81B68B13C982E2CFEC4F1DCC224941D481B68B13C982E2CFEC4F1DCC224941D4
Global Education : why do I think that the term " international" is an expansive theory, and the term "globalisation" is a compacting theory.